Icet|UML|Software testing

The structural model Diagrams

2009-08-01T21:41:00.001+05:30

The structure of the definition of static structural model. They are used to model the 'things', so that the model - the type of objects, interfaces and physical components. In addition, they are used to model the relationship and dependencies between the elements.

* Package diagrams are used to share a logical model of containers, or "package", as well as between them at a higher level.
* Determine the type or structure of the cornerstones of the model: the type, class, and the general use of the materials to build the whole model.
* Object graph shows the structure and content of the examples used in run-time.
* Composite provides an opportunity to become a part of a hierarchical structure and focus on the internal details of construction and the relationship.
* Map used to model components of a higher or more complex structure, which is usually one or more categories, and to provide a clear user interface.
* Deployment diagram shows the physical disposition of significant objects in the real world settings.

The top private Engineering colleges in India

2009-07-29T23:27:00.004+05:30

The top Engineering colleges list:

Hi, searching for the top private Engineering colleges in India!
here i mentioned the first top 30 govt engineering(IIT) colleges in india.
this list is based up on out look india rankings..

Sr. No. Name of Institute & City
1 BITS Pilani
2 PSG College of Technology Coimbatore
3 BIT, Mesra Ranchi
4 Thapar University Patiala
5 VIT University Vellore
6 Manipal Inst. of Technology Manipal
7 Dhirubhai Ambani Inst. of Information & Comm. Tech. Gandhinagar
8 RV College of Engineering Bangalore
9 SSN College of Engineering Chennai
10 SASTRA Thanjavur
11 PES Inst. of Technology Bangalore
12 Amity School of Engg & Tech. Noida
13 Karunya University Coimbatore
14 Nirma Univ. of Science & Technology Ahmedabad
15 BIT, Sindri Dhanbad
16 Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Sivakasi
17 Inst. of Technolgy & Management Gurgaon
18 KIIT university Bhubaneshwar
19 ICFAI Institute of Science & Technology Hyderabad
20 Kongu engineering College Erode
21 Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore
22 MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology Bangalore
23 Bangalore Inst. of Tech. Bangalore
24 Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engg College Vijayawada
25 GITAM Inst. of Technology Visakhapatnam
26 Hindustan College of Engineering Kancheepuram
27 Sona College of Technology Salem
28 Babu Banarasi Das national Inst. of Tech. & Mgmt. Lucknow
29 Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology Hyderabad
30 Sreenidhi Inst. of Science & Technology Hyderabad

The top Govt Engineering colleges in India

2009-07-29T23:02:00.007+05:30

The top Engineering colleges list:

Hi, searching for the top Engineering colleges in India! here i mentioned the first top 30 govt engineering(IIT) colleges in india.
this list is based up on out look india rankings..

Rank Name of Institute& City
1 IIT Kharagpur
2 IIT Kanpur
3 IIT Delhi
4 IIT Mumbai
5 IIT Chennai
6 IIT Roorkee
7 College of Engineering, Anna Univ. Chennai
8 IT, BHU Varanasi
9 IIT Guwahati
10 ISM University Dhanbad
11 NIT Warangal
12 NIT Trichy
13 Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad
14 NIT Surathkal
15 Punjab Engineering College Chandigarh
16 Delhi College of Engineering New Delhi
17 IIIT Hyderabad
18 Netaji Subhash Inst. of Technology New Delhi
19 MNIT Jaipur
20 College of Engineering Pune
21 NIT Rourkela
22 College of Engineering, Andhra Univ. Visakhapatnam
23 NIT Calicut
24 Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur
25 Coimbatore Institute of Technology Coimbatore
26 IIIT Allahabad
27 JNTI Hyderabad
28 NIT Hamirpur
29 Sir M. Visvesvaraya Inst. of Technology Bangalore
30 Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science Indore

ICET and EAMCET counselling notifications

2009-07-12T12:59:00.002+05:30

Notifications:

Counselling notifications for ICET and EAMCET Engineering were released
on 11th july 2009.

Certificate verifications:

Certificate verifications for ICET counselling starts from 19th july09
and for EAMCET engineering starts from 28th july09.

Colleges selection option:

ICET09 counselling is Web based counselling. For ICET counselling '
colleges selection option will be enabled 22 july09-31 july09 and
for EAMCET will be enable dfrom 31 july09-08 UAug09

AICTE permission:

AICTE has given permission for 544 engineering colleges in A.P,
more than 2lakh Eng seats are in vacancy for Eng. READ MORE!

Icet2009 counselling notification

2009-07-10T15:50:00.000+05:30

All the icet qualified students eagerly waitng for the icet notification even in dreams what college will come for my rank, where i will get seat! today is one of the auspicious days for us because Icet2009 counselling notificatoin details were given by Icet board..,

The board chairman K.C.Reddy said that after receiving list from AICTE the notification will be given by the board.

Icet2009 counselling starts from 15 july09

and EAMCET counselling starts from 25july09

there are 50 Helpline centres were arranged for more details

this year counselling is web based counselling

EAMCET, PHARMA and ICET counsellings are beb based and students don't need to worry about this this is arranged for the students convinence only. from home only we can enroll and no need to go for anywhere

so Don't worry.., Happy counselling.

READ MORE!

Icet counselling Details

2009-07-07T14:03:00.000+05:30

Icet09 counselling starts fom 9th july2009

counselling Details:-

Scratch card.. Web based counselling

the smart way of counselling webbased counselling

you can attened counselling from at your home only

after 2nd stage of counselling also the vacancies in collegs and new permitted colleges

details will be put in a website. any students want to change college can change by

logging into that college

after 2nd stage counselling this website will be put in available

To utilize this facility student should enter some password to login

For students who are not having net facilty can participate throgh centres arranged

in all cities at free of cost

8 centers, 300 staff...

all around 8 universities regions counselling centers arranged to make it easy

from this online counselling student can participate from one region to another region

for this across state 23 to 25 counters are arranged

Reservations..,

For Backward castes 29% reservation given..,

for BC-A 7, BC-B 10, BC-C 1, BC-D 7 the remaing 4seats for BC-E

For SC-15seats, ST-6seats

eX-service and NCC 0.5%, sports 1%, PHC 3%

521MCA.., 381MBA..,

In counselling 521MCA, 381MBA seats going to fill

17thousand seats for MBA, 36thousand seats for MCA we have,

this year7MBA, 21MCA colleges newly got permission

FEE Structure..,

Convinor quata in private colleges,

Rs 26,700/-

University collegs..,

8 to 15thousand Rs,

Management quata..,

Rs 73,600/-

Student needs for counselling..,

1) STUDY CERTIFICATE

2)SSC CERTIFICATE

3)DEGREE CERTIFICATE

4)INCOME CERTIFICATE

5)CASTE CERTIFICATE

6)RESIDENCE

7)RANK CARD

8)HALL TICKET

READ MORE!

Icet counselling starts

2009-07-07T13:33:00.001+05:30

All around Andhra pradesh 1,93,215 students getting ready to step

towards Icet09 counselling.

Icet09 counselling starts from 9th july in two stages.

1st stage:- starts from 9th july to 20th july

2nd stage:-statrs from August 2nd onwards

In andhra pradesh every year the number of students attending Icet exam increasing and the number of students qualifying also highly increasing.

this for Icet09 2,00,836 students attended and 1,93,215 students means 96.2% were qualified.

so the competetion is very high.

READ MORE!

MCA COLLEGES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

2009-07-07T13:08:00.000+05:30

Hi, qualified in icet09..?

waiting for icet09 counselling..,

confusing about MCA colleges in Andhra pradesh..,

here the list of all colleges offering MCA course in andhra pradesh.

MCA COLLEGES IN A.P.

SELECT ONE UNIVERSITY AREA

Andhra University
S.No	College Name	City, District	University
1	Noble Institute of Science & Technology	Parapada MandalVisakhapatnam 531 021,Vishakapatnam	Andhra
2	Padmasri Dr BV Raju Inst of Computer Education	WestGodavari	Andhra
3	Pydah College	Vishakapatnam	Andhra
4	Rajah RSRJ Ranga Rao College	Vizianagaram	Andhra
5	Rajiv Gandhi Inst of Information Tech.	EastGodavari	Andhra
6	Rajiv Institute of Computer Technology	Bye Pass RoadTanuku – 534211 West Godavari Dist,WestGodavari	Andhra
7	S.D.College of Inf. Tech. For Women	TanukuWest Godavari.,WestGodavari	Andhra
8	Sir C.R.R. College for Women	WestGodavari	Andhra
9	SKBR College	Amalapuram,EastGodavari	Andhra
10	Spaces Institute of P.G. Studies	Vishakapatnam	Andhra
11	Sri Rama Institute of Computer Technology	Tanuku – 534 211West Godavari District.,WestGodavari	Andhra
12	ASR College of Computer Tech.	WestGodavari	Andhra
13	Sri Y.N. College	Narasapur-534 275West Godavari Dist.,WestGodavari	Andhra
14	St. Mary’s College for P.G. Courses (MCA)	EastGodavari	Andhra
15	St. Mary’s College of PG Courses	EastGodavari	Andhra
16	A.Q.J. Centre for P.G. Studies	Vishakapatnam	Andhra
17	SVKP & DKSR Arts & Science College	WestGodavari	Andhra
18	Visakha Institute for Professional Studies	JagannadharajunagarVisakhapatnam-530 022.,Vishakapatnam	Andhra
19	B.S.R. College of Science and Technology	Gokavaram Village and MandalEast Godavari Dist,EastGodavari	Andhra
20	Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology	Velugubanda(V)Rajanagaram(M)-533 294.,EastGodavari	Andhra
21	Post Graduate Courses	Vizianagaram	Andhra
22	Sri Sai Madhavi Institute of Engineering and Technology	EastGodavari	Andhra
23	V.S.R Institute of Computer Education	WestGodavari	Andhra
24	Ch.S.D. St. Theresa’s College for Women	WestGodavari	Andhra
25	Chaitanya Institute of Computer Science	EastGodavari	Andhra
26	CRReddy College	Eluru.,WestGodavari	Andhra
27	D.L.R.College	EastGodavari	Andhra
28	D.N.R. College	BalasumudiBhimavaram-534 202,WestGodavari	Andhra
29	Dadi Veera Naidu P.G. College	Vishakapatnam	Andhra
30	Dr. L.Bullayya P.G. College	Vishakapatnam	Andhra
31	Gandhi College of Engineering (GITAM)	GandhinagarVisakhapatnam – 530 045.,Vishakapatnam	Andhra
32	Gayatri College of Sceince and Mgt. Munasabpeta	Srikakulam,Srikakulam	Andhra
33	GBR Degree College	EastGodavari	Andhra
34	GVP College of Degree & PG Courses	Vishakapatnam	Andhra
35	Aditya Institute of Post Graduate Studies	EastGodavari	Andhra
36	Ideal College of Arts & Sciences	Samalakota RoadKakinada – 533 003,EastGodavari	Andhra
37	AKRG Degree College	NallajerlaW.G. Dist.,WestGodavari	Andhra
38	JNTU College of Engineering	Kakinada – 533 003East Godavari District.,EastGodavari	Andhra
39	All Saints PG College	Vishakapatnam	Andhra
40	KGRL College	Bhimavaram-534 201West Godavari Dist.,WestGodavari	Andhra
Top

Sri Venkateswara University
S.No	College Name	City, District	University
1	MCA College	Cuddapah	SVU
2	Noble College of Computer Sciences	Nellore	SVU
3	Annamcharya Inst. of Tech.& Scie. Rajampeta	Cuddapah,Cuddapah	SVU
4	Priyadarshini P.G. Centre	Nellore	SVU
5	Rama Raja MCA College	Chittoor	SVU
6	Rao’s Institute of Computer Sciences	Nellore	SVU
7	Rayalaseema Institute of Information & Management Science	Chittoor	SVU
8	S.V. University P.G. Centre	KAVALI – 524 201Nellore District.,Nellore	SVU
9	Sana Institute of Computer Studies	Nellore	SVU
10	Shantiniketan Institute of Technology	Chittoor	SVU
11	Sharada PG Institute of Research & Technological Sciences	Cuddapah	SVU
12	Sri Lakshminarasimha College of Sciences	Chittoor	SVU
13	Sri Padmavathi Mahila Viswavidyalayam	TIRUPATI – 517 502.,Chittoor	SVU
14	Sri Sheshachala Institute of Science and Tech.	PuttureChittoor.,Chittoor	SVU
15	Sri Venkateswara College of Computer Science	Chittoor	SVU
16	Sri Vidya Niketan Engineering College	Chittoor	SVU
17	Srinivasa Inst of Techn & Management Studies	Chittoor	SVU
18	V.R. Institute of P.G. Studies	A.C.Subbareddy BuildingNellore – 524 001.,Nellore	SVU
19	Velankanni Institute of Computer Science	Nellore	SVU
20	Geetanjali Institute of P.G Studies	Nellore	SVU
21	Mother Theresa Institute of Computer Applicatication	Chittoor	SVU
22	S.V Arts & Science College	Devipalem(V)Nellore District-524 104.,Nellore	SVU
23	D.R. Women’s Degree College	Gudur – 524 101Nellore District.,Nellore	SVU
24	J.B. Institute of Computer Technology	Chittoor	SVU
25	Jagan Institute of Science and Tech.. A.P	Nellore	SVU
26	KMM Inst. of PG Studies Ramireddipali	Tirupati,Chittoor	SVU
27	KSRM College of Engineering	Cuddapah	SVU
Top

Osmania University
S.No	College Name	City, District	University
1	Al-Madina College of Computer Science	Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
2	Mahaveer Institute of Information Technology and Management	RangaReddy	Osmania
3	Manpower Development College	Hyderabad	Osmania
4	MESCO Inst of Management & Computer Sciences	Hyderabad	Osmania
5	MITS Kodad	Nalgonda	Osmania
6	Mother Teresa P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
7	Al-Qurmoshi Inst of Business Management & Computer Sciences	RangaReddy	Osmania
8	Mother Therissa P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
9	Nagarjuna P.G.College	Nagarjuna NagarMiryalaguda,Nalgonda	Osmania
10	Nalanda MCA College	Nalgonda	Osmania
11	Nanakram Bhagwandas Science College	Hyderabad	Osmania
12	National Institute for Management & Comp. Studies	RangaReddy	Osmania
13	Nava Bharathi College of P.G. Studies	Hyderabad	Osmania
14	New India Institute of Computer Science	RangaReddy	Osmania
15	Nirvana Institute of Education	MedchalR.R. Dist (Zorastrian Minority),RangaReddy	Osmania
16	Nishitha Degree College	Nizamabad	Osmania
17	Nizam Institute of Computer Sciences	Nalgonda	Osmania
18	Noble P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
19	Noor P.G. College of Computer Sciences	Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
20	Nrupatunga Degree College	Hyderabad	Osmania
21	O.U. P.G. Centre	Gadwal – 509 125Mahaboobnagar Dist.,Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
22	O.U. P.G. Centre	Mahaboobnagar.,Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
23	O.U. P.G. Centre	MEDAK – 502 110.,Medak	Osmania
24	O.U. P.G. Centre	Siddipet – 502 103Medak District.,Medak	Osmania
25	O.U. P.G. Centre	NALGONDA – 508 001.,Nalgonda	Osmania
26	Olive College	RangaReddy	Osmania
27	Padala Rama Reddy College of Computer Science	Hyderabad	Osmania
28	Pragathi Mahavidyala P.G. Centre	Hyderabad	Osmania
29	Presidency School of Management & Computer Sciences	RangaReddy	Osmania
30	Princeton P.G. College	Hyderabad	Osmania
31	Priyadarshini P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
32	Progressive College of P.G. Studies	RangaReddy	Osmania
33	Residency College	RangaReddy	Osmania
34	Anwar-Ul-Uloom College of Computer Studies	Hyderabad	Osmania
35	Ronald Ross P.G. College	IbrahimpatnamR.R.Dist,RangaReddy	Osmania
36	Sai Krishna College	WanaparthyMahaboob Nagar.,Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
37	Sai Sudhir P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
38	Sana Engineering College	KodadNalgonda,Nalgonda	Osmania
39	Aristotle P.G. College	Chilkoor VillageMoinabad Mandal R.R.Dist,RangaReddy	Osmania
40	Shadan Institute of Computer Studies	Hyderabad	Osmania
41	Shahjahan College of Computer Applications	RangaReddy	Osmania
42	Shravanthi P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
43	Siddhartha Technical Inst. Chowdariguda	RangaReddy	Osmania
44	Arts & Science College for Women	Hyderabad	Osmania
45	Sri Indu PG College	RangaReddy	Osmania
46	Sri Kottam Tulasi Reddy Memorial college of Engineering	Itikyala mandalMahaboobnagar,Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
47	Sri Vidya Bharathi College of PG & Degree Mamillagudem	Nalgonda Dist.,Nalgonda	Osmania
48	Aurora’s P.G. College	ChikkadpallyHyderabad – 500 020.,Hyderabad	Osmania
49	St. Ann’s P.G. College for Women	Hyderabad	Osmania
50	St. Anthony’s P.G. College	Hyderabad	Osmania
51	St. George P.G. College	HanmapurBhongir - 508 116,Nalgonda	Osmania
52	St. John’s Institute of Science and Tech.	RangaReddy	Osmania
53	St. Johns College	IbrahimpatnamR.R. Dist.,RangaReddy	Osmania
54	St. Joseph P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
55	St. Martins College of Technology	QutbullapurR.R.Dist.,RangaReddy	Osmania
56	Avanthi Degree & P.G. College	Hyderabad	Osmania
57	St. Mary’s P.G. College	Nalgonda	Osmania
58	St. Patrick P.G. College	Hyderabad	Osmania
59	St. Paul’s College	RangaReddy	Osmania
60	St. Stephen’s P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
61	St. Vincent P.G. College	Ghatkeswar mandalR.R.Dist,RangaReddy	Osmania
62	St. Xavier’s P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
63	St. Xavier’s P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
64	Stanford P.G. College	Nalgonda	Osmania
65	Azad college of computers	Peddamangalaram (V)R.R.Dist.,RangaReddy	Osmania
66	University College for Women	Hyderabad	Osmania
67	University College of Engineering	OsmaniaHyderabad – 500 007.,Hyderabad	Osmania
68	University of Hyderabad	Hyderabad	Osmania
69	Azeezia College of Computers & Management	RangaReddy	Osmania
70	Vasavi College of Engineering	RangaReddy	Osmania
71	Vidyadayani College of Information Tech.	RangaReddy	Osmania
72	VIF Institute of Computer Sciences	RangaReddy	Osmania
73	Vijaya College of Computer Sciences	HayathnagarR.R.dist,RangaReddy	Osmania
74	Villa Marie P.G. College for Women	Hyderabad	Osmania
75	Viswa Bharathi P.G. College of Engg. & Management	Hyderabad	Osmania
76	Vivekananda College of Computer Sciences	ShadnagarMahaboobnagar.,Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
77	Vivekananda P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
78	Vivekananda School of P.G. Studies	Hyderabad	Osmania
79	Wanaparthy College of Computers & Management	Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
80	Wesley Boys’ P.G. College	Hyderabad	Osmania
81	Bapuji Institute of Science and Technology	Hyderabad	Osmania
82	Bankatlal Badruka College for Information Tech. Station Road	KachigudaHyd. - 500 027.,Hyderabad	Osmania
83	Maryum Institute of Computer Science	RangaReddy	Osmania
84	Qutub Shahi P.G College	RangaReddy	Osmania
85	Raja Bahadur Venkata Rama Reddy Institute of Technology	Hyderabad	Osmania
86	Rishi UBR College for Women	RangaReddy	Osmania
87	Robert Louis Institute of Technology	RangaReddy	Osmania
88	Shadan Institute of Computer Studies for Boys	Hyderabad	Osmania
89	Basaveswara Inst of Information Technology	Hyderabad	Osmania
90	St. Augustine P.G College	RangaReddy	Osmania
91	Star Institute of Technology	RangaReddy	Osmania
92	Bharat P.G. College for Women	Hyderabad	Osmania
93	Carlo Bonvini P.G. College	KalvakurthiMahaboobnagar Dist.,Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
94	Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology	RangaReddy	Osmania
95	Church PG College	Nalgonda	Osmania
96	A.V. College of Arts Science & Commerce	Gagan MahalHyderabad – 500 027.,Hyderabad	Osmania
97	Dawar Inst. of Computer Technology	RangaReddy	Osmania
98	Deccan College of Engg. & Technology	Hyderabad	Osmania
99	DVR PG Institute of Computer Applications	Medak	Osmania
100	Einstein P.G (MCA) College	RangaReddy	Osmania
101	Farah Institute of Comp. Sciences	RangaReddy	Osmania
102	Fergusson College P.G. Centre	Hyderabad	Osmania
103	Adarsh P.G. College of Computer Sciences	Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
104	Geetanjali Degree College for Women	Hyderabad	Osmania
105	Grahambell P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
106	GRR College of Comp.Scie. & Mgt. Bachupalli R.R.Dist.	RangaReddy	Osmania
107	Haindavi P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
108	Holy Faith P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
109	Holy Jesus & Mary P.G. College of Computer Science	Hyderabad	Osmania
110	Holy Mary Inst. Of Technology & Science	Hyderabad	Osmania
111	Holy Mother P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
112	Horizon Inst. of Technology	RangaReddy	Osmania
113	Hyderabad Presidency College P.G. Centre	Hyderabad	Osmania
114	Hyderbad Study Circle	Hyderabad	Osmania
115	Imran College of Computer Applications	BasheerbaghHyderabad,Hyderabad	Osmania
116	Indur PG College of Computer Sciences	Nizamabad	Osmania
117	Jesus Post Graduate College	Keesara Village & MandalR.R.Dist.,RangaReddy	Osmania
118	JNTU College of Engineering	KukatpallyHyderabad – 500 072.,Hyderabad	Osmania
119	Kakatiya P.G. College	Nalgonda	Osmania
120	Karuna P.G. College Mangulpalli.	RangaReddy	Osmania
121	Kasturba Gandhi College for Women	MaredpallySecunderabad – 500 026.,Hyderabad	Osmania
122	Khader Memorial PG College of Computer Sciences	Nalgonda	Osmania
123	Kingston PG College	RangaReddy	Osmania
124	Kranti P.G. College	SBH Lane Beside NIMS PunjaguttaHyderabad.,Hyderabad	Osmania
125	Krishnaveni Institute of Technology	RangaReddy	Osmania
126	KRR Institute of Information Technology	GhatkesarRanga Reddy Dist.,RangaReddy	Osmania
127	Lalitha Degree & PG College	RangaReddy	Osmania
128	Lokamanya P.G. College	IbrahimpatnamR.R.Dist,RangaReddy	Osmania
129	Loyola Academy Degree College	Old AlwalSecunderabad – 500 010.,RangaReddy	Osmania
130	M.J. College of Engg. & Technology	Hyderabad	Osmania
131	M.V.S.R. Engineering College	Hyderabad	Osmania
Top

Kakatiya University
S.No	College Name	City, District	University
1	Manair College of Computer Science	Khammam	Kakatiya
2	Annie Besant P.G. College	Khammam	Kakatiya
3	Singareni Collieries Women’s Degree College	Kothagudem-507 101.,Khammam	Kakatiya
4	Sravanthi Inst. of Comp. Scie. Dharmaram	Warangal.,Warangal	Kakatiya
5	SRM P.G.College	MalkapurKarimnagar – 505 002,Karimnagar	Kakatiya
6	St Mary’s PG College	Warangal	Kakatiya
7	St. John P.G. College	HanamkondaWarangal Dist,Warangal	Kakatiya
8	Trinty P.G. College	RegulachelakaKhammam,Khammam	Kakatiya
9	Tushara PG School of Information Sciences	Warangal	Kakatiya
10	University College	KakatiyaWarangal.,Warangal	Kakatiya
11	Vaagdevi College of Engineering	Warangal	Kakatiya
12	Vaagdevi Degree & P.G. College	Warangal	Kakatiya
13	Vidya Jyothi Degree & P.G. College	Station Ghanpur – 506 144Warangal District.,Warangal	Kakatiya
14	Jayamukhi Institute of Technological Sciences	Warangal	Kakatiya
15	Jyothismathi P.G College of Computer Sciences	NustullapurKarimnagar District 505 481.,Karimnagar	Kakatiya
16	Mohammadiya Institute of Compter Technology	Khammam	Kakatiya
17	S.V.S.P.G College	Warangal	Kakatiya
18	Sree Chaitanya P.G College	ThimmapoorKarimnagar District-505 002.,Karimnagar	Kakatiya
19	Tippu Sultan College of Information Technology	Warangal	Kakatiya
20	Chaitanya P.G. College	Warangal	Kakatiya
21	Kakatiya College of Comp Scie. Hanamkonda	Warangal.,Warangal	Kakatiya
22	Kakatiya Inst. of Mgt. Studies	KothapallyKarimnagar.,Karimnagar	Kakatiya
23	Kakatiya Inst. of Technology & Science	Warangal	Kakatiya
24	Kavitha Memorial P.G. Centre	Khammam – 507 002.,Khammam	Kakatiya
25	Alluri Institute of Management Sciences	Hunter RoadWarangal – 506 001.,Warangal	Kakatiya
26	Madina PG Centre	Khammam	Kakatiya
Top

Nagarjuna University
S.No	College Name	City, District	University
67	A.N.R. College	Gudivada – 521 301, Krishna District.,	Nagarjuna
68	Mahatma Gandhi College	Guntur	Nagarjuna
69	Malineni Lakshmaiah MCA College	Prakasam	Nagarjuna
70	Montessori Mahila Kalasala	Krishna	Nagarjuna
71	Andhra Loyola College	Bye-pass Road,Vijayawada – 520 008.,	Nagarjuna
72	Nova P.G. College	Krishna	Nagarjuna
73	P.B. Siddhartha College of Arts & Science	Vijayawada – 520 010,Krishna District.,	Nagarjuna
74	PNC & KR College of P.G. Courses	Guntur	Nagarjuna
75	RVR & JC College of Engineering	Guntur	Nagarjuna
76	S.N.B.T.M. P.G. Centre	Repalle 522 265,Guntur	Nagarjuna
77	S.V.H. College of Engineering	Machilipatnam – 521 002Krishna District.,	Nagarjuna
78	Sarada P.G. College	Vijayawada,Krishna	Nagarjuna
79	Sri Sarathi Institute of Science & Technology	Nuzvid,Krishna District.,	Nagarjuna
80	SS & Narayana College	NarasaraopetGuntur.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
81	T.J.P.S. College	Ring Road,Guntur – 522 006.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
82	The Hindu College	GUNTUR – 522 003.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
83	The Pedanandipadu College of Arts & Sciences	Pedanandipadu – 522 235Guntur Distirct.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
84	Vignan Degree College	Guntur	Nagarjuna
85	VRS & YRN College of Technology	Chirala – 523 157Prakasam District.,Prakasam	Nagarjuna
86	Lakireddy Balireddy College of Engineering	Mylavaram(PO & M)Krishna District-521 230,Krishna	Nagarjuna
87	Narasaraopeta Engineering College	Guntur	Nagarjuna
88	Naripella Narayana Swamy Vidya College of P.G Studies	Prakasam	Nagarjuna
89	Bapatla Engineering College	Bapatla – 522 101Guntur District.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
90	Sriji College	MaddiralapaduOngole-523 262,Prakasam	Nagarjuna
91	St. Anns College for Women	GorantalGuntur District-522 035.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
92	A.S.N. Degree College	Guntur	Nagarjuna
93	Christu Jayanthi Jubilee College	Guntur	Nagarjuna
94	Don Bosco P.G. College	Guntur	Nagarjuna
95	GVR & S Post Graduate College	Saibaba RoadGuntur – 522 007.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
96	J.K.C. College	ChowdaripetGuntur – 522 006.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
97	JMJ College for Women	Tenali-522 202,Guntur	Nagarjuna
98	KC PG College Nelapadu	TenaliGuntur,Guntur	Nagarjuna
Top

Sri Krishnadevaraya University
S.No	College Name	City, District	University
230	Royal P.G. Centre	Anantapur	SKU
231	Sri Balaji P.G. College	Near R.T.C. Bus stand. Pin 515 001. Ananthapur,Anantapur	SKU
232	Sri Ramakrishna PG College	Kurnool	SKU
233	Besant Institute of Technology and Science	Ananthapur.,Anantapur	SKU
234	G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College	Kurnool	SKU
235	Intel Inst of Science	Anantapur	SKU
236	JNTU College of Engineering	Ananthapur – 515 002.,Anantapur	SKU
Top

READ MORE!

MBA Colleges in Andhra Pradesh.

2009-07-07T12:48:00.000+05:30

Hi, searching for MBA Colleges in Andhra Pradesh,

got tensed about colleges list in your region..,

DON'T WORRY

In Andhra pradesh there are "159 colleges offering MBA cources"

in all universites regoins of andhra pradesh,

this year councelling web based councelling so from at your

home choose your college...

MBA Colleges in Andhra Pradesh.

S.No	College Name	City, District	University
1	A.V. College of Arts	Hyderabad	Osmania
2	Abdul Qadir Jeelani Centre for P.G. Studies	Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
3	Akkineni Nageswara Rao College	Guntur	Nagarjuna
4	Alluri Institute of Management Science	Warangal	Kakatiya
5	Al-Qurmoshi Institute of Business Management	Hyderabad	Osmania
6	Ambedakar Inst.of Mgt. Studies	Visakhapatnam,Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
7	Andhra Loyola College	VijayawadaKrishna Dist,Krishna	Nagarjuna
8	Andhra Univ. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar P.G. Centre	EtcherlaSrikakulam.,Srikakulam	Andhra
9	Andhra Univ. M.S.N. P.G. Centre	Thimmapur PostKakinada – 533 005.,EastGodavari	Andhra
10	Andhra	Dept. of Commerce & Management Studies(DISTANCE EDUCATION) Visakhapatnam – 530 003.,Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
11	Annamacharya Inst.of Tech. Rajampet	Cuddapah.,Cuddapah	SVU
12	Anwar-Ul-Uloom College of Business Admn.	Hyderabad	Osmania
13	Apollo Institute of Hospital Administration	Hyderabad	Osmania
14	Aurora’s P.G. College	ChikkadpallyHyderabad – 500 020.,Hyderabad	Osmania
15	Avanthi Degree & P.G. College	Hyderabad	Osmania
16	Azad Institute of Management	RangaReddy	Osmania
17	B.R.Ambedkar Open University	Hyderabad.,Hyderabad	Osmania
18	Badruka College P.G. Centre	Hyderabad	Osmania
19	Bharat P.G. College for Women	Hyderabad	Osmania
20	Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology	GandipetHyderabad – 500 075. R. R Dist.,RangaReddy	Osmania
21	Chaitanya P. G. College	Warangal	Kakatiya
22	Church P.G. College	Hyderabad	Osmania
23	College of Management Studies (GITAM)	Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
24	D.L. Reddy Degree College	Gollala Mamidada – 533 344E.G. District.,EastGodavari	Andhra
25	D.N.R. College	Bhimavaram – 534 202West Godavari District.,WestGodavari	Andhra
26	David Memorial Institute of Management	Hyderabad	Osmania
27	Deccan School of Management	Hyderabad	Osmania
28	Deccan School of Management	Hyderabad	Osmania
29	Dhruva College of Mgt.Hyderabad.	Hyderabad	Osmania
30	Dr. L. Bullayya College	Near RasapuvaripalemVisakhapatnam – 530 013.,Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
31	Dr.Nagamani Sivayya Kolla School of Business	Visakhapatnam,Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
32	DVR PG Institute of Management Studies	RangaReddy	Osmania
33	Fergusson College P.G. Centre	Hyderabad	Osmania
34	G.B.R. Degree College	Anaparthi – 533 342E.G. District.,EastGodavari	Andhra
35	Gayatri College for P.G. Course	MunsabpetSrikakulam – 532 401.,Srikakulam	Andhra
36	Global Education Centre	RangaReddy	Osmania
37	GVP College for P.G. Courses	DwarakanagarVisakhapatnam – 530 016.,Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
38	Holy Bharathi P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
39	Holy Mary Institute of Technology & Science	RangaReddy	Osmania
40	Hyderabad Business Admn.College	King KotiHyd.,Hyderabad	Osmania
41	Hyderabad Presidency College	Hyderabad	Osmania
42	Hyderabad School of Management Part Survey No.81	Bundlaguda Khalasa VillageR.R. Dist.,RangaReddy	Osmania
43	Ideal Collge of Arts & Science	VidyutnagarKakinada–533 004.,EastGodavari	Andhra
44	Indian Inst.of Advance Mgt. Visakhapatnam.(FT-60 & PT-30)	Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
45	Inst. of Chartered Fin.Analysts of India	Hyderabad,Hyderabad	Osmania
46	Inst. of Public Enterprises	O.U.CampusHyderabad.(FT-60 & PT-60),Hyderabad	Osmania
47	J.B.Inst.of P.G.Course	RenuguntaChittoor.,Chittoor	SVU
48	Jayamukhi Inst. Of Mgt. Scie. Moqdompur	Warangal,Warangal	Kakatiya
49	JNTU School of Mgt.Sciences	Inst. Of PG & ResearchHyd.,Hyderabad	Osmania
50	K.G.R.L. College of Management Studies	WestGodavari	Andhra
51	K.S.R.M. College of Engineering	Cuddapah	SVU
52	Kakatiya Institute of Management Studies	Karimnagar	Kakatiya
53	Kakatiya College of Arts & Scie. Hanamkonda	Warangal	Kakatiya
54	Kakatiya	Warangal	Kakatiya
55	Kasturba Gandhi College for Women	West MaredpallySecunderabad–500 026.,Hyderabad	Osmania
56	Kavitha Memorial P.G. Centre	Khammam	Kakatiya
57	Lal Bahadur College P.G. Centre	Sardar Patel MargWarangal – 506 007.,Warangal	Kakatiya
58	Loyola Academy Secunderabad	Alwal,Hyderabad	Osmania
59	M.R.A. College	Vizianagaram	Andhra
60	M.V.S.R. Engineering College	Hyderabad	Osmania
61	Mahatma Gandhi College	EdulapalemGUNTUR – 522 019.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
62	Manair College of Management	Khammam	Kakatiya
63	MESCO Inst. Of Mgt. & Comp. Karwan	Hyderabad.,Hyderabad	Osmania
64	Montessory Mahila Kalasala College	Krishna	Nagarjuna
65	Mother Theresa Inst.of Mgt. Lingapuram	Chittoor.,Chittoor	SVU
66	Nagarjuna	Guntur	Nagarjuna
67	National Inst.of Agri.Extension Mgt. Rajendranagar	Hyd.,Hyderabad	Osmania
68	Nava Bharathi College of P.G.Studies	Hyderabad	Osmania
69	Nimra College of Bus.Mgt. Jupudi Vijayawada	Krishna	Nagarjuna
70	Nizam Institute of Business Management	RangaReddy	Osmania
71	Nova P.G.College Vijayawada	Krishna	Nagarjuna
72	O.U. College for Women	KotiHYDERABAD-500 095.,Hyderabad	Osmania
73	O.U. College of Commerce & Business Management	Hyderabad	Osmania
74	Osmania P.G. Centre	Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
75	Osmania P.G. Centre	NALGONDA – 508 001.,Nalgonda	Osmania
76	Osmania P.G. Centre	SIDDIPET – 502 103Medak District.,Medak	Osmania
77	Osmania P.G. Centre	Vikarabad – 501 101Ranga Reddy District.,RangaReddy	Osmania
78	P.B. Siddhartha College of Arts & Science	Krishna	Nagarjuna
79	Padala Rama Reddy College of Commerce & Management	Hyderabad	Osmania
80	Pendikanti Institute of Management	Hyderabad	Osmania
81	Pragathi Mahavidyala P.G. College	Hyderabad	Osmania
82	Presidency School of Management & Computer Science	RangaReddy	Osmania
83	Princeton P.G. College	Hyderabad	Osmania
84	Priyadarshini P.G. Centre	Nellore	SVU
85	Priyadarshini P.G. College	AmeerpetHyderabad – 500 016.,Hyderabad	Osmania
86	Progressive College of P.G. Studies	Hyderabad	Osmania
87	Pydah College for P.G. Studies	Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
88	R.B.V.R.R. Women’s College	Hyderabad	Osmania
89	R.G.Kesia College of Commerce New Chaderghat	Hyderabad,Hyderabad	Osmania
90	Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Management Sciences	EastGodavari	Andhra
91	Rayalaseema Inst. of Information & Management Sciences	Chittoor	SVU
92	Regional Engineering College	Warangal – 506 004,Warangal	Kakatiya
93	RVR & JC College of Engg.	Guntur	Nagarjuna
94	S.D.G.S. College	Anantapur	SKU
95	S.D.Singodia College of Arts Commerce & PG Centre Chakkaman Hyderabad.	Hyderabad	Osmania
96	Sai Krishna College	Mahaboobnagar	Osmania
97	Sai Sudhir P.G. College	RangaReddy	Osmania
98	SALN (Sri Ahobilam Laxmi Narsimham) College of Engg.Mgt.Chittoor.	Chittoor	SVU
99	Samatha Degree and P.G. College	Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
100	Santh Samarth Institute of Management	BhongiriNalgonda.,Nalgonda	Osmania
101	Sarojini Naidu Vanitha Mahavidyalaya	Hyderabad	Osmania
102	Satavahana P.G.College	Left FlankKareemnagar-505 002,Karimnagar	Kakatiya
103	School of Management Studies	Hyderabad	Osmania
104	Shaaz School of Business Management	RangaReddy	Osmania
105	Shadan Institute of Management for Boys	Hyderabad	Osmania
106	Shadan Institute of Management for Girls	Hyderabad	Osmania
107	Shajehan College of Business Management	Hyderabad	Osmania
108	Sir C.R.R. College P.G. Management Studies	ELURU – 534 007W.G. District.,WestGodavari	Andhra
109	Siva Sivani Inst. Of Mgt. Secunderabad.	Hyderabad	Osmania
110	Sree Rama Institute of Management	WestGodavari	Andhra
111	Sri Krishnadevaraya Inst of Management	SKD UniversityAnanthapur,Chittoor	SVU
112	Sri Padmavathi Mahila Viswavidyalayam	TIRUPATHI – 517 507.,Chittoor	SVU
113	Sri Rama Krishna Degree College NGOs Colony	Near SBI ColonyNandyal-518 502,Kurnool	SKU
114	Sri Sai Madhavi Inst.of Engg & Tech. Mallampudi	EastGodavari	Andhra
115	Sri. Satya Sai Inst.of Higher Learning School of Bus. Mgt.* Ananthapur. (MBA-60 & MFA-60)	Anantapur	SKU
116	Sri Srinivasa Vidya Parishad College of Management Studies	Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
117	Srinivasa Inst of Technology & Management Studies	Chittoor	SVU
118	SRM P.G.College	Karimnagar,Karimnagar	Kakatiya
119	St. Ann’s College for Women	Hyderabad	Osmania
120	St. Mary’s PG College Perm. Add: Sy.No.187	Nalgonda	Osmania
121	St.Joseph’s P.G.College	Hyderabad.,Hyderabad	Osmania
122	SultanUl-Uloom College of Business Administration	Hyderabad	Osmania
123	SVKP & DKSR Arts & Science College (P.G. Studies)	Penugonda – 534 320West Godavari District.,WestGodavari	Andhra
124	T.J.P.S. College	Ring RoadGUNTUR – 522 006.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
125	Chaitanya P.G College	Kareemnagar,Karimnagar	Kakatiya
126	Technology Inst.of Mgt. & Advanced	Tirupathi.,Chittoor	SVU
127	The Hindu College (P.G. Courses)	Krishna	Nagarjuna
128	The Pedanandipadu College of Arts & Sciences	Pedanandipadu – 522 235Guntur District.,Guntur	Nagarjuna
129	The Waralngal Inst.Mgt.Warangal	Warangal	Kakatiya
130	University P.G.College	Warangal	Kakatiya
131	University P.G. College	Khammam	Kakatiya
132	V. R. Institute of P.G. Studies	A.C. Subbareddy BuildingsNellore – 524 001.,Nellore	SVU
133	V.S.M. College	Ramachandrapuram – 533 255E.G. Dist.,EastGodavari	Andhra
134	Vaagdevi Degree & P.G. College	Warangal	Kakatiya
135	Vaagdevi Inst.of Mgt. Scie. Bollikinta	Warangal,Warangal	Kakatiya
136	Vignan Jyothi Inst.Mgt.	MarredpallySecunderabad,Hyderabad	Osmania
137	Villa Marie P.G. College for Women	Hyderabad	Osmania
138	Visakha Institute of Professional Studies	Jagannadharaju NagarVisakhapatnam – 530 022.,Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
139	Viswa Bharathi P.G. College of Engg. & Management	Hyderabad	Osmania
140	Vivekananda School of P.G. Studies	Hyderabad	Osmania
141	VRS & YRN College	Prakasam	Nagarjuna
142	Wesley Boys P.G. College	Opp: Anand TheatreSECUNDERABAD.,Hyderabad	Osmania
143	Y.N. College	WestGodavari	Andhra
144	A.K.R.G College	WestGodavari	Andhra
145	Allagadda Instiute of Management Science	Kurnool	SKU
146	Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans	Hyderabad	Osmania
147	Einstein P.G College	RangaReddy	Osmania
148	GITAM Institute of Foreign Trade	Vishakhapatnam	Andhra
149	Lokamanya Tilak P.G. College	IbrahimpatnamR.R District.,RangaReddy	Osmania
150	MRM Institute of Management	RangaReddy	Osmania
151	Mohammadiya Institute of Management	Khammam	Kakatiya
152	New Science PG College	Warangal	Kakatiya
153	Noble College of Computer Science	Nellore	SVU
154	Noble P.G College	RangaReddy	Osmania
155	St. Anthonys P.G College	GhatkesarR.R District.,RangaReddy	Osmania
156	St. Vincent P.G College	Ghatkesar(V & M)R.R District.,RangaReddy	Osmania
157	Velakanni Institute of Management Studies	Nellore	SVU
158	VIF School of Management	RangaReddy	Osmania
159	Naripella Narayanaswamy Vidya College of PG Studies	Prakasam District.,Prakasam	Nagarjuna

READ MORE!

TOP MCA COLLEGES IN ANDHRA UNIVERSITY

2009-07-04T21:25:00.000+05:30

In andhra pradesh many colleges offering MCA , the top MCA colleges in andhra university region are given below select at which one you era interested..,

AKRG College - Nallagerla, West Godavari

Chaitanya Degree College - Kakinada

DNR College of PG Courses - Bhimavaram

Dr LB College for PG Courses, Visakhapatnam

Dadi Veeru Naidu Kalasala, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam

Gayatri Vidya Parishad Degree College, Visakhapatnam

Gandhi Institute of Technology & Management (GITAM) College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam

Ideal Degree College of Arts & Science - Kakinada

Pydah College, Visakhapatnam

Raja SRK Rangarao College, Bobbili

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Postgraduate Studies - Kakinada

Samata Degree College, Visakhapatnam

Visakha Institute of Professional Studies, Visakhapatnam

VSM College, East Godavari

ASR College of Computer Technology - Kovvuru

DLR Degree College - Gollalamamidada

GBR Degree College of PG Courses - Anaparthi

KGRL College of PG Courses - Bhimavaram

SPACES Degree College, Payakaraopet

SVKP & KS Raju Arts & Science College, Penugonda

Shree Dr BVR Institute of Computer Education, Bhimavaram

Sir CR Reddy Degree College for Women - Eluru

Sri Rama Educational Society - Tanuku

Sri YN College - Narsapuram

for top MBA colleges READ MORE!

Top MBA colleges in andhra pradesh

2009-07-04T21:04:00.000+05:30

Top MBA colleges in andhra pradesh, to get admission in to these colleges the students should qualify icet exam conducted by the board yearly once usually in the month may.., the exam conducted in three catogeries 1.reasoning ability

2.analitical ability

3.general english

choose colleges available in your region..

ANDHRA PRADESH
ABDUL QADIR JEELANI CENTRE FOR POST GRADUATE STUDIES	VISAKHAPATNAM	www.aqjcollege.com
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA (ASCI)	HYDERABAD	www.asci.org.in / www.internetindia.com/asci
AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES	VISAKHAPATNAM	www.aimsindia.info / www.aimsbschool.org
THE ASSOCIATION OF INDIAN MANAGEMENT SCHOOLS (AIMS) AIMS TEST FOR MANAGEMENT ADMISSIONS (ATMA)	SECUNDERABAD	www.atma-aims.org
AURORA POST GRADUATE COLLEGE	HYDERABAD	www.aurora.ac.in
BADRUKA COLLEGE - PG CENTRE	HYDERABAD	www.badruka-mba.com/ www.badruka-mba.ac.in
BADRUKA INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE	HYDERABAD	www.bift.ac.in
CHAITANYA POST GRADUATE COLLEGE	WARANGAL	www.chaitanyacollege.net
DECCAN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT	HYDERABAD	www.deccancollege.com
DHRUVA COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT	HYDERABAD	www.dhruvacollege.net
DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR OPEN UNIVERSITY	HYDERABAD	www.braou.ac.in
DR. N.S. KOLLA SCHOOL OF BUSINESS	VISAKHAPATNAM	www.drnsk.com
GITAM INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE	VISAKHAPATNAM	www.gitam.org / www.gitam.edu / www.gift-india.org
ICFAI BUSINESS SCHOOL	HYDERABAD	www.icfai.org / www.ibsat.org / www.ibsindia.org
ICFAI SCHOOL OF FINANCE & MANAGEMENT	HYDERABAD	www.icfai.org
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED MANAGEMENT	VISAKHAPATNAM	www.iiamindia.org
INDIAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS	HYDERABAD	www.isb.edu
INDO-AMERICAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS	VISAKHAPATNAM	www.indoamericanin.org
INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH IN BANKING TECH.	HYDERABAD	www.idrbt.ac.in
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT	HYDERABAD / WARANGAL	www.itm.edu
INSTITUTE OF INSURANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT	HYDERABAD	www.iirmworld.com
INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE	HYDERABAD	www.ipe-hyd.org/default.htm
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR INSURANCE & FINANCE	HYDERABAD	www.iiifindia.com
ITUC SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT	HYDERABAD	www.ismindia.org
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY	HYDERABAD	www.jntu.ac.in
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION MANAGEMENT	HYDERABAD	www.manage.gov.in
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY	HYDERABAD	www.niftindia.com
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY	WARANGAL	www.nitw.ernet.in
PROF. G. RAM REDDY CENTRE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY	HYDERABAD	www.cdeou.org
REGIONAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE	WARANGAL	www.recw.ernet.in
SIVA SIVANI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT	SECUNDERABAD	www.ssim.ac.in
SRI KRISHNADEVARAYA UNIVERSITY	ANANTAPUR	www.skuniv.ap.nic.in
SRI SATHYA SAI INSTITUTE OF HIGHER LEARNING	PRASANTHI NILAYAM	www.srisathyasai.org.in
SULTAN-UL-ULOOM COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION	HYDERABAD	www.sultanululoom.org
S.V. UNIVERSITY - SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT	TIRUPATI	www.svu/index.htm / www.members.tripod.com/~sbm
T.J.P.S. COLLEGE OF P.G. STUDIES	GUNTUR	www.tjpscollege.com
TRANSWORLD INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT	HYDERABAD	www.timindia.org
UNIVERSITY OF HYDERABAD	HYDERABAD	www.uohyd.ernet.in
VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT	SECUNDERABAD	www.vignanajyothi.com
VIVEKANANDA SCHOOL OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES	HYDERABAD	www.vspgs.com

for Icet mockcounselling details READ MORE!

icet counselling

2009-07-04T00:50:00.000+05:30

Confused for icet counselling?
what seat do i get for my rank??
what colleges are available???

DON'T WORRY,

"WE CAN HELP YOU"

Enter your rank, catogery, region, gender.,
Find out colleges/courses you can get admission into..,

you are at one click distance..,

click here

UML

2009-07-04T00:25:00.001+05:30

Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized specification language for object modeling. UML is a general-purpose modeling language that includes a graphical notation used to create an abstract model of a system, referred to as a UML model.
UML is officially defined at the Object Management Group (OMG) by the UML metamodel, a Meta-Object Facility metamodel (MOF). Like other MOF-based specifications, the UML metamodel and UML models may be serialized in XMI. UML was designed to specify, visualize, construct, and document software-intensive systems.
UML is not restricted to modeling software. UML is also used for business process modeling, systems engineering modeling, and representing organizational structures. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is a Domain-Specific Modeling language for systems engineering that is defined as a UML 2.0 profile.

Introduction to UML;Pros and Cons of UML

2009-07-04T00:22:00.002+05:30

Use of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) has quickly spread throughout the software development industry as a concrete foundation for designing and developing software applications. It has become the defacto standard in the world of object-oriented systems and is becoming essential for component-based development (CBD). For IT professionals looking for key career differentiators, UML experience will be a critical element if it isn’t already.

One benefit of UML is that it greatly improves the communication of system design to all stakeholders of a software system. It achieves this by providing an economy of semantics and notation, as well as a language for constraining designs, called the object constraint language (OCL). Designs are expressed independently of any programming language or development process, allowing analysts, managers, modelers, and developers of varying technical expertise to readily share designs via UML models.

UML provides a standard way of visually modeling object-oriented systems through diagramming views, such as use case, class, interaction, statechart, activity, and implementation diagrams. Each diagram provides a way to express important aspects of the system design. Use case diagrams model the functionality of a system. Class diagrams model the static structure of a system. Interaction diagrams model the collaborations among classes in achieving scenarios, or threads of action, within a use case. Statechart diagrams model the precise behavior of classes, methods, or components. Activity diagrams support business process modeling. Implementation diagrams model the dependencies among software components and the run-time infrastructure that executes them.

UML is also extensible and customizable through the use of stereotypes and tags. Stereotypes and tags can be grouped into profiles that are applied to specific modeling domains. Profiles add the flexibility to UML that allows modelers to customize UML to specific modeling environments. Several profiles are currently being standardized for UML. These include profiles for enterprise distributed object computing (EDOC), CORBA, EJB, EAI, and Real-Time.

UML profiles provide a higher level of abstraction for designing systems. For example, EDOC is an abstraction above CORBA, EJB, or COM+ profiles, which pertain to specific component technologies. Profiles can be stacked on top of one another and related through a mapping. For example, a business model may map to an EDOC model, which can then map to either a CORBA, EJB, or COM+ model. This will allow designers to separate design solutions from implementation technologies, thus preserving these solutions as technologies continue to change.

Pros and Cons of UML

Pros:

Wide Industry Acceptance in comparison to previous Modeling Language.
Supports OOAD methodology
Bridges the communication gap between different entities of system development(i.e . System Analyst, Developer, Client etc)
Constructed models are easy to understand, even for non-programmers
Unified and Standardize Modeling language.

Cons:

UML is often criticized as being gratuitously large and complex
Too Complex to learn and Getting started with
Tries to be all things to all people.

Diagrams in UML

2009-07-04T00:21:00.001+05:30

UML 2 defines many basic diagram types, divided into two general sets:

1. Structural Modeling Diagrams

Structure diagrams define the static architecture of a model. They are used to model the 'things' that make up a model - the classes, objects, interfaces and physical components. In addition, they are used to model the relationships and dependencies between elements.

2. Behavioral Modeling Diagrams

Behavior diagrams capture the varieties of interaction and instantaneous states within a model as it 'executes' over time; tracking how the system will act in a real-world environment, and observing the effects of an operation or event, including its results.

The underlying premise of UML is that no one diagram can capture the different elements of a system in its entirety. Hence, UML is made up of nine diagrams that can be used to model a system at different points of time in the software life cycle of a system.

The UML diagrams are:

Use case diagram: The use case diagram is used to identify the primary elements and processes that form the system. The primary elements are termed as "actors" and the processes are called "use cases." The use case diagram shows which actors interact with each use case.
Class diagram: The class diagram is used to refine the use case diagram and define a detailed design of the system. The class diagram classifies the actors defined in the use case diagram into a set of interrelated classes. The relationship or association between the classes can be either an "is-a" or "has-a" relationship. Each class in the class diagram may be capable of providing certain functionalities. These functionalities provided by the class are termed "methods" of the class. Apart from this, each class may have certain "attributes" that uniquely identify the class.
Object diagram: The object diagram is a special kind of class diagram. An object is an instance of a class. This essentially means that an object represents the state of a class at a given point of time while the system is running. The object diagram captures the state of different classes in the system and their relationships or associations at a given point of time.
State diagram: A state diagram, as the name suggests, represents the different states that objects in the system undergo during their life cycle. Objects in the system change states in response to events. In addition to this, a state diagram also captures the transition of the object's state from an initial state to a final state in response to events affecting the system.
Activity diagram: The process flows in the system are captured in the activity diagram. Similar to a state diagram, an activity diagram also consists of activities, actions, transitions, initial and final states, and guard conditions.
Sequence diagram: A sequence diagram represents the interaction between different objects in the system. The important aspect of a sequence diagram is that it is time-ordered. This means that the exact sequence of the interactions between the objects is represented step by step. Different objects in the sequence diagram interact with each other by passing "messages".
Collaboration diagram: A collaboration diagram groups together the interactions between different objects. The interactions are listed as numbered interactions that help to trace the sequence of the interactions. The collaboration diagram helps to identify all the possible interactions that each object has with other objects.
Component diagram: The component diagram represents the high-level parts that make up the system. This diagram depicts, at a high level, what components form part of the system and how they are interrelated. A component diagram depicts the components culled after the system has undergone the development or construction phase.
Deployment diagram: The deployment diagram captures the configuration of the runtime elements of the application. This diagram is by far most useful when a system is built and ready to be deployed.

Now that we have an idea of the different UML diagrams, let us see if we can somehow group together these diagrams to enable us to further understand how to use them.

Introduction to UML;Evolution of UML

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Identifiable object-oriented modeling languages began to appear between mid-1970 and the late 1980s as various methodologists experimented with different approaches to object-oriented analysis and design. The number of identified modeling languages increased from less than 10 to more than 50 during the period between 1989-1994. Many users of OO methods had trouble finding complete satisfaction in any one modeling language, fueling the "method wars." By the mid-1990s, new iterations of these methods began to appear and these methods began to incorporate each other’s techniques, and a few clearly prominent methods emerged.

The development of UML began in late 1994 when Grady Booch and Jim Rumbaugh of Rational Software Corporation began their work on unifying the Booch and OMT (Object Modeling Technique) methods. In the Fall of 1995, Ivar Jacobson and his Objectory company joined Rational and this unification effort, merging in the OOSE (Object-Oriented Software Engineering) method.

As the primary authors of the Booch, OMT, and OOSE methods, Grady Booch, Jim Rumbaugh, and Ivar Jacobson were motivated to create a unified modeling language for three reasons. First, these methods were already evolving toward each other independently. It made sense to continue that evolution together rather than apart, eliminating the potential for any unnecessary and gratuitous differences that would further confuse users. Second, by unifying the semantics and notation, they could bring some stability to the object-oriented marketplace, allowing projects to settle on one mature modeling language and letting tool builders focus on delivering more useful features. Third, they expected that their collaboration would yield improvements in all three earlier methods, helping them to capture lessons learned and to address problems that none of their methods previously handled well.

The efforts of Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson resulted in the release of the UML 0.9 and 0.91 documents in June and October of 1996. During 1996, the UML authors invited and received feedback from the general community. They incorporated this feedback, but it was clear that additional focused attention was still required.

While Rational was bringing UML together, efforts were being made on achieving the broader goal of an industry standard modeling language. In early 1995, Ivar Jacobson (then Chief Technology Officer of Objectory) and Richard Soley (then Chief Technology Officer of OMG) decided to push harder to achieve standardization in the methods marketplace. In June 1995, an OMG-hosted meeting of all major methodologists (or their representatives) resulted in the first worldwide agreement to seek methodology standards, under the aegis of the OMG process.

During 1996, it became clear that several organizations saw UML as strategic to their business. A Request for Proposal (RFP) issued by the Object Management Group (OMG) provided the catalyst for these organizations to join forces around producing a joint RFP response. Rational established the UML Partners consortium with several organizations willing to dedicate resources to work toward a strong UML 1.0 definition. Those contributing most to the UML 1.0 definition included: Digital Equipment Corp., HP, i-Logix, IntelliCorp, IBM, ICON Computing, MCI Systemhouse, Microsoft, Oracle, Rational Software, TI, and Unisys. This collaboration produced UML 1.0, a modeling language that was well defined, expressive, powerful, and generally applicable. This was submitted to the OMG in January 1997 as an initial RFP response.

In January 1997 IBM, ObjecTime, Platinum Technology, Ptech, Taskon, Reich Technologies and Softeam also submitted separate RFP responses to the OMG. These companies joined the UML partners to contribute their ideas, and together the partners produced the revised UML 1.1 response. The focus of the UML 1.1 release was to improve the clarity of the UML 1.0 semantics and to incorporate contributions from the new partners. It was submitted to the OMG for their consideration and adopted in the fall of 1997.

UML has matured significantly since UML 1.1. Several minor revisions (UML 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5) fixed shortcomings and bugs with the first version of UML, followed by the UML 2.0 major revision, which is the current OMG standard.

The first part of UML 2.0, the Superstructure which describes the new diagrams and modeling elements available, was adopted by the OMG in October 2004. Other parts of UML 2, notably the infrastructure, the Object Constraint Language (OCL) and the diagram interchange were yet to be completed and ratified as of November 2005.

The final UML 2.0 specification has been declared available and has been added to OMG's formal specification library. The other parts of the UML specification, the UML 2.0 infrastructure, the UML 2.0 Diagram Interchange, and UML 2.0 OCL specifications have been adopted.

The current version available is 2.1.1 (August 2007) and is available in the form of an XMI 2.1 version of the UML 2.1 version. The corresponding XMI 2.1 file is made available from the OMG. The version 2.2 is currently under development.

Most of the commercially successful UML tools now support most of UML 2.0, leaving only the rarely used features left to implement. Of course, it will take some time for the tools that are in the hands of the developers to reach this level of compliance.

Behavioral Modeling Diagrams

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Use Case diagrams are used to model user/system interactions. They define behavior, requirements and constraints in the form of scripts or scenarios.
Activity diagrams have a wide number of uses, from defining basic program flow, to capturing the decision points and actions within any generalized process.
State Machine diagrams are essential to understanding the instant to instant condition, or "run state" of a model when it executes.
Communication diagrams show the network, and sequence, of messages or communications between objects at run-time, during a collaboration instance.
Sequence diagrams are closely related to communication diagrams and show the sequence of messages passed between objects using a vertical timeline.
Timing diagrams fuse sequence and state diagrams to provide a view of an object's state over time, and messages which modify that state.
Interaction Overview diagrams fuse activity and sequence diagrams to allow interaction fragments to be easily combined with decision points and flows.

Package diagrams

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In the Unified Modeling Language(UML), a package diagram depicts how a system is split up into logical groupings by showing the dependencies among these groupings. As a package is typically thought of as a directory, package diagrams provide a logical hierarchical decomposition of a system.

Packages are usually organized to maximize internal coherence within each package and to minimize external coupling among packages. With these guidelines in place, the packages are good management elements. Each package can be assigned to an individual or team, and the dependencies among them indicate the required development order.

Package diagrams are used to reflect the organization of packages and their elements. When used to represent class elements, package diagrams provide a visualization of the namespaces. The most common use for package diagrams is to organize use case diagrams and class diagrams, although the use of package diagrams is not limited to these UML elements.

Packages are represented in UML 2.1 as folders and contain the elements that share a namespace; all elements within a package must be identifiable, and so have a unique name or type. The package must show the package name and can optionally show the elements within the package in extra compartments.

1. Package Merge

A «merge» connector between two packages defines an implicit generalization between elements in the source package, and elements with the same name in the target package. The source element definitions are expanded to include the element definitions contained in the target. The target element definitions are unaffected, as are the definitions of source package elements that don't match names with any element in the target package.

2. Package Import

The «import» connector indicates that the elements within the target package, which in this example is a single class, use unqualified names when being referred to from the source package. The source package's namespace gains access to the target classes; the target's namespace is not affected.

3. Nesting Connectors

The nesting connector between the target package and source packages shows that the source package is fully contained in the target package.

Class Diagram

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In the Unified Modeling Language (UML), a class diagram is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, and the relationships between the classes.

The class diagram models the data elements in the system,the ways in which they are grouped together and the relationships between them. Class diagrams have at their heart data and behaviour that are unlikely to change frequently and are relatively stable. The object instances will change frequently. The class diagram shows the building blocks of any object-orientated system. Class diagrams depict a static view of the model, or part of the model, describing what attributes and behavior it has rather than detailing the methods for achieving operations. Class diagrams are most useful in illustrating relationships between classes and interfaces. Generalizations, aggregations, and associations are all valuable in reflecting inheritance, composition or usage, and connections respectively.

The diagram below illustrates aggregation relationships between classes. The lighter aggregation indicates that the class "User Account" uses UserAddressBook, but does not necessarily contain an instance of it. The strong, composite aggregations by the other connectors indicate ownership or containment of the source classes by the target classes, for example ContactDetails and ContactGroup values will be contained in UserAddressBook.

Classes are composed of three things: a name, attributes, and operations. Below is an example of a class. Class diagrams also display relationships such as containment, inheritance, associations and others. Below is an example of an associative relationship:

The association relationship is the most common relationship in a class diagram. The association shows the relationship between instances of classes. For example, the class Order is associated with the class Customer. The multiplicity of the association denotes the number of objects that can participate in then relationship. For example, an Order object can be associated to only one customer, but a customer can be associated to many orders.

Another common relationship in class diagrams is a generalization. A generalization is used when two classes are similar, but have some differences.

Look at the generalization below:

In this example the classes Corporate Customer and Personal Customer have some similarities such as name and address, but each class has some of its own attributes and operations. The class Customer is a general form of both the Corporate Customer and Personal Customer classes. This allows the designers to just use the Customer class for modules and do not require in-depth representation of each type of customer.

When to Use: Class Diagrams

Class diagrams are used in nearly all Object Oriented software designs. Use them to describe the Classes of the system and their relationships to each other.

How to Draw: Class Diagrams

Class diagrams are some of the most difficult UML diagrams to draw. To draw detailed and useful diagrams a person would have to study UML and Object Oriented principles for a long time.

Before drawing a class diagram consider the three different perspectives of the system the diagram will present; conceptual, specification, and implementation. Try not to focus on one perspective and try see how they all work together.

When designing classes consider what attributes and operations it will have. Then try to determine how instances of the classes will interact with each other. These are the very first steps of many in developing a class diagram. However, using just these basic techniques one can develop a complete view of the software system.

Object Diagrams

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In the Unified Modeling Language (UML), an object diagram is a diagram that shows a complete or partial view of the structure of a modeled system at a specific time. This snapshot focuses on some particular set of object instances and attributes, and the links between the instances. A correlated set of object diagrams provides insight into how an arbitrary view of a system is expected to evolve over time. Object diagrams are more concrete than class diagrams, and are often used to provide examples, or act as test cases for the class diagrams. Only those aspects of a model that are of current interest need be shown on an object diagram.

An object diagram may be considered a special case of a class diagram. Object diagrams use a subset of the elements of a class diagram in order to emphasize the relationship between instances of classes at some point in time. They are useful in understanding class diagrams. They don’t show anything architecturally different to class diagrams, but reflect multiplicity and roles.

Although we design and define classes, in a live application classes are not directly used, but instances or objects of these classes are used for executing the business logic. A pictorial representation of the relationships between these instantiated classes at any point of time (called objects) is called an "Object diagram". It looks very similar to a class diagram, and uses the similar notations to denote relationships.

If an object diagram and a class diagram look so similar, what is an object diagram actually used for? Well, if you looked at a class diagram, you would not get the picture of how these classes interact with each other at runtime, and in the actual system, how the objects created at runtime are related to the classes. An object diagram shows this relation between the instantiated classes and the defined class, and the relation between these objects, in the logical view of the system. These are very useful to explain smaller portions of your system, when your system class diagram is very complex, and also sometimes recursive.

Class and Object Elements

The following diagram shows the differences in appearance between a class element and an object element. Note that the class element consists of three parts, being divided into name, attribute and operation compartments; by default, object elements don’t have compartments. The display of names is also different: object names are underlined and may show the name of the classifier from which the object is instantiated.

Run Time State

A classifier element can have any number of attributes and operations. These aren’t shown in an object instance. It is possible, however, to define an object’s run time state, showing the set values of attributes in the particular instance.

Example Class and Object Diagrams

The following diagram shows an object diagram with its defining class diagram inset, and it illustrates the way in which an object diagram may be used to test the multiplicities of assignments in class diagrams. The car class has a 1-to-many multiplicity to the wheel class, but if a 1-to-4 multiplicity had been chosen instead, that wouldn’t have allwed for the three-wheeled car shown in the object diagram.

Composite Structure diagrams

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Structural Modeling Diagrams

Composite Structure diagrams

A Unified Modeling Language (UML) composite structure diagram shows the internal structure of a class and the collaborations that this structure makes possible. This can include internal parts, ports through which the parts interact with each other or through which instances of the class interact with the parts and with the outside world, and connectors between parts or ports. A composite structure is a set of interconnected elements that collaborate at runtime to achieve some purpose. Each element has some defined role in the collaboration.

Part

A part is an element that represents a set of one or more instances which are owned by a containing classifier instance. So for example, if a diagram instance owned a set of graphical elements, then the graphical elements could be represented as parts; if it were useful to do so, to model some kind of relationship between them. Note that a part can be removed from its parent before the parent is deleted, so that the part isn't deleted at the same time.

Port

A port is a typed element that represents an externally visible part of a containing classifier instance. Ports define the interaction between a classifier and its environment. A port can appear on the boundary of a contained part, a class or a composite structure. A port may specify the services a classifier provides as well as the services that it requires of its environment.

Interfaces

An interface is similar to a class but with a number of restrictions. All interface operations are public and abstract, and do not provide any default implementation. All interface attributes must be constants. However, while a class may only inherit from a single super-class, it may implement multiple interfaces.

Delegate

A delegate connector is used for defining the internal workings of a component's external ports and interfaces. A delegate connector is shown as an arrow with a «delegate» keyword. It connects an external contract of a component as shown by its ports to the internal realization of the behavior of the component's part.

Collaboration

A collaboration defines a set of co-operating roles used collectively to illustrate a specific functionality. A collaboration should only show the roles and attributes required to accomplish its defined task or function. Isolating the primary roles is an exercise in simplifying the structure and clarifying the behavior, and also provides for re-use. A collaboration often implements a pattern.

A collaboration element is shown as an ellipse.

Component diagrams

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Structural Modeling Diagrams

Component diagrams

In the Unified Modeling Language, a component diagram depicts how a software system is split up into physical components and shows the dependencies among these components. Physical components could be, for example, files, headers, link libraries, modules, executables, or packages. Component diagrams can be used to model and document any system’s architecture.

Note that components are types and only executable components may have instances.

Components are similar in practice to package diagrams, as they define boundaries and are used to group elements into logical structures. The difference between package diagrams and component diagrams is that Component Diagrams offer a more semantically rich grouping mechanism. With component diagrams all of the model elements are private, whereas package diagrams only display public items.

Representing Components

Components are represented as a rectangular classifier with the keyword «component»; optionally the component may be displayed as a rectangle with a component icon in the right-hand upper corner.

Assembly Connector

The assembly connector bridges a component’s required interface (Component1) with the provided interface of another component (Component2); this allows one component to provide the services that another component requires.

Implementation Diagram

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Structural Modeling Diagrams

Implementation Diagram

In the Unified Modeling Language, a deployment diagram serves to model the hardware used in system implementations, the components deployed on the hardware, and the associations between those components. The elements used in deployment diagrams are nodes (shown as a cube), components (shown as a rectangular box, with two rectangles protruding from the left side) and associations.

In UML 2.0 components are not placed in nodes. Instead artifacts and nodes are placed in nodes. An artifact is something like a file, program, library, or data base constructed or modified in a project. These artifacts implement collections of components. The inner nodes indicate execution environments rather than hardware.

A deployment diagram models the run-time architecture of a system. It shows the configuration of the hardware elements (nodes) and shows how software elements and artifacts are mapped onto those nodes.

Node

A Node is either a hardware or software element. It is shown as a three-dimensional box shape, as shown below:

Node Instance

A node instance can be shown on a diagram. An instance can be distinguished from a node by the fact that its name is underlined and has a colon before its base node type. An instance may or may not have a name before the colon. The following diagram shows a named instance of a computer.

Node Stereotypes

A number of standard stereotypes are provided for nodes, namely «cdrom», «cd-rom», «computer», «disk array», «pc», «pc client», «pc server», «secure», «server», «storage», «Linux Web server», «user pc». These will display an appropriate icon in the top right corner of the node symbol.

Association

In the context of a deployment diagram, an association represents a communication path between nodes. The following diagram shows a deployment diagram for a network, depicting network protocols as stereotypes, and multiplicities at the association ends.

Use Case Diagrams

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Behavioral Modeling Diagrams

Use Case Diagrams

A use case diagram is a type of behavioral diagram defined by the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals—represented as use cases—and any dependencies between those use cases.

OMG's UML standard defines a graphical notation for diagramming use cases, but no format for describing use cases. While the graphical notation and descriptions are important, they are documentation of the use case—a purpose that the actor can use the system for.

The true value of a use case lies in two areas:

The written description of system behavior regarding a business task or requirement. This description focuses on the value provided by the system to external entities such as human users or other systems.
The position or context of the use case among other use cases. As an organizing mechanism, a set of consistent, coherent use cases promotes a useful picture of system behavior, a common understanding between the customer/owner/user and the development team.

More formally, a use case is made up of a set of scenarios. Each scenario is a sequence of steps that encompass an interaction between a user and a system. The use case brings scenarios together that accomplish a specific goal of the user.

There’s no rocket science to it at all: a usage case is simply a reason to use a system. For example, a bank card holder might need to use an ATM to get cash out of their account. It’s as simple as that.

A use case can be specified by textually describing the steps required and any alternative actions at each step. For example, the use case for withdrawing cash from an ATM machine might be shown as:

Customer enters the Card
ATM checks for validity of card, ask card holder to enter PIN
Customer enters PIN.
ATM validates the PIN.
and so on....

Alternative: Search Failed

If the search fails at 3, then the user is redirected back to the search screen at step 1

Actor

The use case diagram allows a designer to graphically show these use cases and the actors that use them. An actor is a role that a user plays in the system. It is important to distinguish between a user and an actor (better thought of as a role). A user of the system may play several different roles through the course of his, her or its job (since an actor may be another system). Examples of actors are salesperson, manager, support person, and web store system. It is possible that the same person may be a sales person and also provide support. When creating a use case model, we are not concerned with the individuals, only the roles that they play.

Use Cases

A use case is a single unit of meaningful work. It provides a high-level view of behavior observable to someone or something outside the system. The notation for a use case is an ellipse.

The notation for using a use case is a connecting line with an optional arrowhead showing the direction of control. The following diagram indicates that the actor "Customer" uses the "Withdraw Cash" use case.

Use Case Definition

A use case typically Includes:

Name and description
Requirements
Constraints
Scenarios
Scenario diagrams
Additional information.

Name and Description

A use case is normally named as a verb-phrase and given a brief informal textual description.

Requirements

The requirements define the formal functional requirements that a use case must supply to the end user. They correspond to the functional specifications found in structured methodologies. A requirement is a contract or promise that the use case will perform an action or provide some value to the system.

Constraints

A constraint is a condition or restriction that a use case operates under and includes pre-, post- and invariant conditions. A precondition specifies the conditions that need to be met before the use case can proceed. A post-condition is used to document the change in conditions that must be true after the execution of the use case. An invariant condition specifies the conditions that are true throughout the execution of the use case.

Scenarios

A Scenario is a formal description of the flow of events that occur during the execution of a use case instance. It defines the specific sequence of events between the system and the external actors. It is normally described in text and corresponds to the textual representation of the sequence diagram.

Including Use Cases

Use cases may contain the functionality of another use case as part of their normal processing. In general it is assumed that any included use case will be called every time the basic path is run.

Use Cases may be included by one or more Use Case, helping to reduce the level of duplication of functionality by factoring out common behavior into Use Cases that are re-used many times.

Extending Use Cases

One use case may be used to extend the behavior of another; this is typically used in exceptional circumstances. For example, if before modifying a particular type of customer order, a user must get approval from some higher authority, then the use case may optionally extend the regular use case.

Sequence Diagrams

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Behavioral Modeling Diagrams

Sequence Diagrams

Once the use cases are specified, and some of the core objects in the system are prototyped on class diagrams, we can start designing the dynamic behavior of the system.

The Message Sequence Chart technique has been incorporated into the Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram under the name of Sequence Diagram. Typically, an interaction diagram captures the behavior of a single case by showing the collaboration of the objects in the system to accomplish the task. These diagrams show objects in the system and the messages that are passed between them. A sequence diagram shows, as parallel vertical lines, different processes or objects that live simultaneously, and, as horizontal arrows, the messages exchanged between them, in the order in which they occur. This allows the specification of simple runtime scenarios in a graphical manner.

Let's start with the simple example above: a user logging onto the system.

The Logon use case can be specified by the following step:

Logon dialog is shown
User enters user name and password
User clicks on OK or presses the enter key
The user name and password are checked and approved
The user is allowed into the system

Alternative: Logon Failed - if at step 4 the user name and password are not approved, allow the user to try again.

Now that we have a simple Use Case to work with, we can specify some of the classes involved in the interaction.

Lifelines

A lifeline represents an individual participant in a sequence diagram. A lifeline will usually have a rectangle containing its object name. If its name is "self", that indicates that the lifeline represents the classifier which owns the sequence diagram.

Sometimes a sequence diagram will have a lifeline with an actor element symbol at its head. This will usually be the case if the sequence diagram is owned by a use case. Boundary, control and entity elements from robustness diagrams can also own lifelines.

Messages

Messages are displayed as arrows. Messages can be complete, lost or found; synchronous or asynchronous; call or signal. In the following diagram, the first message is a synchronous message (denoted by the solid arrowhead) complete with an implicit return message; the second message is asynchronous (denoted by line arrowhead), and the third is the asynchronous return message (denoted by the dashed line).

Execution Occurrence

A thin rectangle running down the lifeline denotes the execution occurrence, or activation of a focus of control. In the previous diagram, there are three execution occurrences. The first is the source object sending two messages and receiving two replies; the second is the target object receiving a synchronous message and returning a reply; and the third is the target object receiving an asynchronous message and returning a reply.

Self Message

A self message can represent a recursive call of an operation, or one method calling another method belonging to the same object. It is shown as creating a nested focus of control in the lifeline’s execution occurrence.

Lost and Found Messages

Lost messages are those that are either sent but do not arrive at the intended recipient, or which go to a recipient not shown on the current diagram. Found messages are those that arrive from an unknown sender, or from a sender not shown on the current diagram. They are denoted going to or coming from an endpoint element.

Lifeline Start and End

A lifeline may be created or destroyed during the timescale represented by a sequence diagram. In the latter case, the lifeline is terminated by a stop symbol, represented as a cross. In the former case, the symbol at the head of the lifeline is shown at a lower level down the page than the symbol of the object that caused the creation. The following diagram shows an object being created and destroyed.

Duration and Time Constraints

By default, a message is shown as a horizontal line. Since the lifeline represents the passage of time down the screen, when modelling a real-time system, or even a time-bound business process, it can be important to consider the length of time it takes to perform actions. By setting a duration constraint for a message, the message will be shown as a sloping line.

Combined Fragments

It was stated earlier that sequence diagrams are not intended for showing complex procedural logic. While this is the case, there are a number of mechanisms that do allow for adding a degree of procedural logic to diagrams and which come under the heading of combined fragments. A combined fragment is one or more processing sequence enclosed in a frame and executed under specific named circumstances. The fragments available are:

Alternative fragment (denoted “alt”) models if…then…else constructs.
Option fragment (denoted “opt”) models switch constructs.
Break fragment models an alternative sequence of events that is processed instead of the whole of the rest of the diagram.
Parallel fragment (denoted “par”) models concurrent processing.
Weak sequencing fragment (denoted “seq”) encloses a number of sequences for which all the messages must be processed in a preceding segment before the following segment can start, but which does not impose any sequencing within a segment on messages that don’t share a lifeline.
Strict sequencing fragment (denoted “strict”) encloses a series of messages which must be processed in the given order.
Negative fragment (denoted “neg”) encloses an invalid series of messages.
Critical fragment encloses a critical section.
Ignore fragment declares a message or message to be of no interest if it appears in the current context.
Consider fragment is in effect the opposite of the ignore fragment: any message not included in the consider fragment should be ignored.
Assertion fragment (denoted “assert”) designates that any sequence not shown as an operand of the assertion is invalid.
Loop fragment encloses a series of messages which are repeated.

The following diagram shows a loop fragment.

There is also an interaction occurrence, which is similar to a combined fragment. An interaction occurrence is a reference to another diagram which has the word "ref" in the top left corner of the frame, and has the name of the referenced diagram shown in the middle of the frame.

Gate

A gate is a connection point for connecting a message inside a fragment with a message outside a fragment. EA shows a gate as a small square on a fragment frame. Diagram gates act as off-page connectors for sequence diagrams, representing the source of incoming messages or the target of outgoing messages. The following two diagrams show how they might be used in practice. Note that the gate on the top level diagram is the point at which the message arrowhead touches the reference fragment - there is no need to render it as a box shape.

Part Decomposition

An object can have more than one lifeline coming from it. This allows for inter- and intra-object messages to be displayed on the same diagram.

State Invariant / Continuations

A state invariant is a constraint placed on a lifeline that must be true at run-time. It is shown as a rectangle with semi-circular ends.

A continuation has the same notation as a state invariant, but is used in combined fragments and can stretch across more than one lifeline.

Activity Diagrams

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Behavioral Modeling Diagrams

Activity Diagrams

In the Unified Modeling Language, an activity diagram represents the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.

In UML, an activity diagram is used to display the sequence of activities. Activity diagrams show the workflow from a staart point to the finish point detailing the many decision paths that exist in the progression of events contained in the activity. They may be used to detail situations where parallel processing may occur in the execution of some activities. Activity diagrams are useful for business modelling where they are used for detailing the processes involved in business activities.

An Example of an activity diagram is shown below:

The following sections describe the elements that constitute an activity diagram.

Activities

An activity is the specification of a parameterized sequence of behaviour. An activity is shown as a round-cornered rectangle enclosing all the actions, control flows and other elements that make up the activity.

Actions

An action represents a single step within an activity. Actions are denoted by round-cornered rectangles.

Action Constraints

Constraints can be attached to an action. The following diagram shows an action with local pre- and post-conditions.

Control Flow

A control flow shows the flow of control from one action to the next. Its notation is a line with an arrowhead.

Initial Node

An initial or start node is depicted by a large black spot, as shown below.

Final Node

There are two types of final node: activity and flow final nodes. The activity final node is depicted as a circle with a dot inside.

The flow final node is depicted as a circle with a cross inside.

The difference between the two node types is that the flow final node denotes the end of a single control flow; the activity final node denotes the end of all control flows within the activity.

Objects and Object Flows

An object flow is a path along which objects or data can pass. An object is shown as a rectangle.

An object flow is shown as a connector with an arrowhead denoting the direction the object is being passed.

An object flow must have an object on at least one of its ends. A shorthand notation for the above diagram would be to use input and output pins.

A data store is shown as an object with the «datastore» keyword.

Decision and Merge Nodes

Decision nodes and merge nodes have the same notation: a diamond shape. They can both be named. The control flows coming away from a decision node will have guard conditions which will allow control to flow if the guard condition is met. The following diagram shows use of a decision node and a merge node.

Fork and Join Nodes

Forks and joins have the same notation: either a horizontal or vertical bar (the orientation is dependent on whether the control flow is running left to right or top to bottom). They indicate the start and end of concurrent threads of control. The following diagram shows an example of their use.

A join is different from a merge in that the join synchronizes two inflows and produces a single outflow. The outflow from a join cannot execute until all inflows have been received. A merge passes any control flows straight through it. If two or more inflows are received by a merge symbol, the action pointed to by its outflow is executed two or more times.

Expansion Region

An expansion region is a structured activity region that executes multiple times. Input and output expansion nodes are drawn as a group of three boxes representing a multiple selection of items. The keyword "iterative", "parallel" or "stream" is shown in the top left corner of the region.

Exception Handlers

Exception Handlers can be modelled on activity diagrams as in the example below.

Interruptible Activity Region

An interruptible activity region surrounds a group of actions that can be interrupted. In the very simple example below, the "Process Order" action will execute until completion, when it will pass control to the "Close Order" action, unless a "Cancel Request" interrupt is received, which will pass control to the "Cancel Order" action.

Partition

An activity partition is shown as either a horizontal or vertical swimlane. In the following diagram, the partitions are used to separate actions within an activity into those performed by the accounting department and those performed by the customer.

State Diagrams

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Behavioral Modeling Diagrams

State Diagrams

State diagrams are used to graphically represent finite state machines. State transition tables are another possible representation.

There are many forms of state diagrams, which differ slightly and have different semantics.

When to Use: State Diagrams?

Use state diagrams to demonstrate the behavior of an object through many use cases of the system. Only use state diagrams for classes where it is necessary to understand the behavior of the object through the entire system. Not all classes will require a state diagram and state diagrams are not useful for describing the collaboration of all objects in a use case. State diagrams are other combined with other diagrams such as interaction diagrams and activity diagrams.

State Diagram

The state diagram shows the change of an object through time. Based upon events that occur, the state diagram shows how the object changes from start to finish.

States are represented as a rounded rectangle with the name of the state shown. Optionally you can include an activity that represents a longer running task during that state.

Connecting states together are transitions. These represent the events that cause the object to change from one state to another. The guard clause of the label is again mutually exclusive and must resolve itself to be either true or false. Actions represent tasks that run causing the transitions.

Actions are different from activities in that actions cannot be interrupted, while an activity can be interrupted by an incoming event. Both ultimately represent an operation on the object being studied. For example, an operation that sets an attribute would be considered an action, while a long calculation might be an activity. The specific separation between the two depends on the object and the system being studied. Like activity diagrams, state diagrams have one start and one end from at which the state transitions start and end respectively.

How to Draw: State Diagrams

State diagrams have very few elements. The basic elements are rounded boxes representing the state of the object and arrows indicting the transition to the next state. The activity section of the state symbol depicts what activities the object will be doing while it is in that state.

All state diagrams being with an initial state of the object. This is the state of the object when it is created. After the initial state the object begins changing states. Conditions based on the activities can determine what the next state the object transitions to.

Below is an example of a state diagram might look like for an Order object. When the object enters the Checking state it performs the activity "check items". After the activity is completed the object transitions to the next state based on the conditions [all items available] or [an item is not available]. If an item is not available the order is canceled. If all items are available then the order is dispatched. When the object transitions to the Dispatching state the activity "initiate delivery" is performed. After this activity is complete the object transitions again to the Delivered state.

State diagrams can also show a super-state for the object. A super-state is used when many transitions lead to the a certain state. Instead of showing all of the transitions from each state to the redundant state a super-state can be used to show that all of the states inside of the super-state can transition to the redundant state. This helps make the state diagram easier to read.

Communication Diagrams

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Behavioral Modeling Diagrams

Communication Diagrams

In the Unified Modeling Language (UML) 2.0, a communication diagram is a simplified version of the UML 1.x collaboration diagram.

A Communication diagram models the interactions between objects or parts in terms of sequenced messages. Communication diagrams represent a combination of information taken from Class, Sequence, and Use Case Diagrams describing both the static structure and dynamic behavior of a system.

However, communication diagrams use the free-form arrangement of objects and links as used in Object diagrams. In order to maintain the ordering of messages in such a free-form diagram, messages are labeled with a chronological number and placed near the link the message is sent over. Reading a communication diagram involves starting at message 1.0, and following the messages from object to object.

On communication diagrams, objects are shown with association connectors between them. Messages are added to the associations and show as short arrows pointing in the direction of the message flow. The sequence of messages is shown through a numbering scheme.

The following two diagrams show a communication diagram and the sequence diagram that shows the same information. Although it is possible to derive the sequencing of messages in the communication diagram from the numbering scheme, it isn’t immediately visible. What the communication diagram does show quite clearly though, is the full set of messages passed between adjacent objects.